THE 

PHKIPPINES 




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SAMUEL mAb 




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PMNTOCK 




Class _:i\.^i._5i 
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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 




GATHERING TUBA. 



THE PHILIPPINES 



A GEOGRAPHICAL READER 



BY 



SAMUEL MacCLINTOCK, Ph.B. i 

Principal of the Cebu Normal School \ 



3>»<C 






NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Receivci* 

SEP 9 1903 

Copyright Entry 

/CLASS CU XXc No 

COPY B. 



Copyright, 1903, by 
SAMUEL MacCLINTOCK. 

Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. 



THE PHILIPPINES. 

w. p. I 



CONTENTS 



Map of the Philippine Islands 

Up the Pasig . 

Map of Manila and Vicinity 

Laguna de Bay 

Map of Luzon . 

Along the Railroad to Dagupan 

Benguet . . . . 

The Negritos or Aetas 

In the Valley of the Cagayan 

The Cultivation of Rice . 

In Southern Luz6n 

Map of the Vis ay as 

Among the Visayans 

In Panay . 

In Negros 

Cebii 

In the Far South 

Among the Moros 

Paragua . 

The City of Manila 

The Government of the Philippines 

The Story of Rizal . 



6-7 

9 
15 
16 

20-21 
22 
29 
34 

39 
42 
46 

52-53 
54 
60 
64 
69 
76 
80 

87 
90 

97 
104 



THE PHILIPPINES 



UP THE PASIG 



Would you like to take a trip up the Pasig River? 
Well, come with me some bright morning when the 
sun is dancing on the water and shining on the gray 




Pasig River near Manila Customhouse. 

walls of old Manila. We shall see the river crowded 
with boats and the fields green with sacate. We 
shall hear the birds singing and see the busy people. 
How delightful to go on such a trip in the early 
morning when everything is cool and fresh ! 

9 



lO 



THE PHILIPPINES 



The Pasig flows from Laguna de Bay into the 
Bay of Manila. The city of Manila is built on both 
sides of this river near its mouth. Large bridges 
cross the river and connect the two parts of the city. 

The Pasig is a short river. It is only about twelve 
miles long. It has a very swift current. Steamers, 
cascos, and bancas going up stream move much 
more slowly than when coming down. The cur- 
rent is dangerous also. It is said that some one is 
drowned in the Pasig on nearly every day in the year. 
Bancas and cascos are paddled and poled up the river. 

The large bridges across the Pasig in Manila are 
built of stone and iron. They are very strong. 
Many people, horses, and wagons cross them every 
day. This is a picture of the Bridge of Spain. 
Have you ever seen it ? 




The Bridge of Spain. 



UP THE PASIG 



II 



Let us take a trip on one of the boats that leave 
Manila every morning for Laguna de Bay. It takes 
about three hours to reach the lake. Can you tell 
from the black smoke that comes out of the smoke- 
stack what kind of a boat this is ? There are chairs 

on deck, but most of 

the people are sitting 
on little bamboo 
stools. Many have 
their baskets with 
them, showing that 
they either have been 
marketing in Manila 
or are going up the 
river for that purpose. 

Often, in the mid- 
dle of the boat, an old 
woman has a little 
tienda where she 
sells things to eat. 
Here one may buy hard-boiled eggs, boiled rice 
folded up in plantain leaves, rice sticks, betel nuts, 
sweet cakes, cigarettes, and bananas. 

On the trip up the river we pass many large 
houses ; some are private residences like the one in 
the picture, and some are business houses. We 
can also see the Malacaiian Palace. 1 he governor 
of the Philippines lives here. It is a very large and 
handsome house, with large gardens and a beautiful 
view out over the river. On the opposite shore is 




Private Residence on the Pasig River. 

From Stereoscopic Photograph. Copyrighted 1899 
by Underwood and Underwood. 



12 THE PHILIPPINES 

a cigar factory where hundreds of people are em- 
ployed in making cigars and cigarettes. 

We pass several small towns on our way up the 
river. In some of these towns the people make 
brick, tiles, and pottery. These are made of clay. 
Bricks are used in building houses, tiles in making 
roofs and floors, and pots and jars, in cooking, and 
in other ways. 

On the right bank of the river we pass a large 
cave. In this cave people once stored gunpowder. 
They did not like to keep it in Manila, for there it 
might explode and kill or injure many people. So 
for safety it was kept in this cave. 

You see people all along the river washing clothes, 
by beating them clean on a large flat stone. Many 
people in Manila send their clothes up the river to 
be washed. 

Here is a picture of a man fishing. As you see, 
this fisherman does not use a net or a pole and line 
but has a basket that he thrusts down into the water. 
When he gets a fish inside, he pulls it out with his 
hand. We also see many pens in which large quan- 
tities of fish are caught. 

Sometimes we see divers going to the bottom of 
the river to get sand. They scoop it up into baskets, 
put it on cascos, and take it to the city. This sand 
is used in making mortar. I wonder how many of 
you know what mortar is used for ? 

The Pasig winds in and out, between low banks, 
which it often overflows in times of high water. 



UP THE PASIG 



13 



Several smaller streams flow into it. From one of 
these, the San Mateo, water is conducted into the 
waterworks. From here it is carried through a 
large pipe about three miles to Manila and then is 
taken through small pipes into houses in all parts 
of the city. 




Native Mode of Fishing. 

On our way we pass many small boats and rafts 
coming down the river to Manila and bringing 
bananas, cocoanuts, rice, sugar, and wood. Some- 
times our steamboat nearly runs into some of them, 
for the river is not very wide. The river has 
many shifting sand bars. It is very difhcult to 
steer the boat so as not to get aground on one of 



14 THE PHILIPPINES . 

them. If, however, our pilot is successful, we shall 
reach safely the large body of water called Laguna 
de Bay. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What bodies of water does the Pasig River connect? 

2. How long is it ? Is it deep enough for large boats ? 

3. In what ways might one cross it ? 

4. What are some of the things one sees on the trip up 
the river ? 

5. What kinds of boats are to be seen on the Pasig ? 

6. Find on the map, on the opposite page, Manila, the 
Pasig River, and Laguna de Bay. 




Longitude East 121° from Greenwich 



LAGUNA DE BAY 

The Laguna de Bay is really a large lake of fresh 
water. It is fed by springs and by many small 
streams. It overflows by the Pasig River. Its 
width is from ten to twelve miles, but in one place 
it is as much as twenty-one miles wide, and the 
length is from thirty to forty miles. 

It touches the provinces of Rizal, Cavite, and 
Laguna on the west, Laguna on the south (Batan- 
gas is within one mile), and Laguna and Rizal on 
the north. 

All of these are naturally rich provinces. They 
produce bananas, oranges, cocoanuts, rice, sugar, 
chicos, coffee, rattan, bamboo, and timber. A large 
part of all these products is sent on boats and rafts 
down the Pasig River to Manila. This country is 
pretty, too. There are large rice fields, green fields 
of sugar cane and corn, and many cocoanut groves. 
The green hills and the distant mountains around the 
lake have many useful trees and plants. 

In the lake itself are found fish, oysters, clams, and 
shrimps. Crocodiles are also found in its waters, 
and wild ducks may be shot in its marshes. 

The principal towns around the lake are Calamba 
on the south, Los Banos and Santa Cruz on the east, 

i6 



LAGUNA DE BAY 



i; 



and Mdrong on the north. Santa Cruz, at the 
extreme east, is the most important place. Its 
principal street, like that in Manila, is called the 
Escolta. Live stock, cocoanuts, hats, and petates are 
shipped from Santa Cruz to Manila. 




Cocoanut Rafts in Manila. 

Los Banos, or the Baths, owes its name to its 
hot springs. The people who live near there call 
it " Maynit," which means " hot." Many sick people 
go there every year to bathe in its waters. There 
are also mud baths close by. How would you like 
to take a mud bath ? 

Three hours distant from Los Banos and a 
thousand feet above the level of the sea, is a boiling 
lake called Natungas. In Laguna de Bay and not 
far from Los Banos is a small island. On this 



i8 



THE PHILIPPINES 



island there is a little lake, called Crocodile Lake, in 
which there are many crocodiles. 

In one of the coves of Laguna de Bay, near 
Los Bafios, are thousands of water plants, called 
quiapas, drifting about and giving the lake the ap- 
pearance of a floating 
garden. 

Not far away in 
the mountains are the 
famous Waterfalls of 
Botocan. The stream 
of water as it flows 
over the falls is about 
sixty feet wide and 
falls a distance of six 
hundred feet. It is a 
beautiful sight. 

Many cocoanuts 
are grown around the 
lake. Some are used 
at home, and some 
are sent to Manila, 
tied together in long rafts by their own fiber. 

Cocoanut trees are very graceful. There are no 
limbs, but the leaves and fruit grow from the stem 
at the top. The stem of the tree is used in build- 
ing houses. The roofs and sides of the houses are 
often covered with the leaves. If the flower buds 
of the trees are cut, a liquid, called tuba, flows out. 
This is caught in bamboo joints. Sometimes there 




Falls of Botocan. 



LAGUNA DE BAY 1 9 

are several flower buds on one tree. Every day a 
man climbs the tree and collects the tuba. The 
first picture in this book is of a man gathering tuba 
in a large bamboo joint. He also carries a brush 
for cleaning the bamboo joints, and a powder which 
colors the tuba red like wine. The tuba is made 
into vinegar and wine. The flower bud gives tuba 
for three months before it dies. 

If the flower buds are not used for tuba, they 
will produce cocoanuts. The husks of the cocoa- 
nuts are often made into hats. They are thick and 
fibrous. The fibers are used for making rain coats, 
mats, brushes, and ropes, and a black dye, used in 
coloring hats, is made from the husks. The shells of 
the cocoanuts are useful as cups and ladles. Cocoa- 
nut oil is used in food, on the hair, as a medicine, for 
lights, and in many other ways. It is made by boil- 
ing the meat of the nut. The meat is also dried 
and sent to America and Europe, where it is eaten 
or made into soap and candles. 



QUESTIONS 

1. What kind of water is in Laguna de Bay.? 

2. About how large a body of water is it ? 

3. Name the provinces and chief towns around the lake. 

4. What are the main products of these provinces } 

5. Name some of the uses of the cocoanut tree. 

6. Find on the map Morong, Rizal, and Los Banos. 




C^. 



23 



N 




S 







ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 



Have you ever ridden on the railroad? Trains 
go much faster than horses or boats. In the PhiHp- 
pine Islands there is now only one railroad. It runs 
from Manila one hundred and twenty miles north 
to Dagupan, on the Gulf of Lingayen. 



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A Train on the Railroad from Manila to Dagupan. 

Here is a picture of a train on the railroad. You 
see that it is made up of an engine and cars. The 
tracks are the iron or steel rails upon which the 
train moves, h. good level roadway has to be built 



ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 23 

for the tracks, which are held a short distance apart 
by means of cross timbers. Cars are made for 
freight and for passengers. In the freight cars 
horses, sugar, groceries, lumber, and many other arti- 
cles are carried. Passenger cars are for people only. 
In each car there are seats for about forty people. 

The steam in the locomotive makes its wheels go 
around and pull the train. The locomotives are 
made of steel and iron and are very heavy. 

Would you like to take a ride on this train ? Let 
us go into the large building in Manila called the 
railroad station or depot. Now step up to the win- 
dow and buy your ticket. You see there are three 
kinds of service, — first-class, second-class, third- 
class. A third-class ticket will cost you about two 
cents a mile. In the third-class cars people carry 
chickens, vegetables, fruit, and many other things. 
If you want to spend more money, you can buy a 
second-class ticket. This will cost nearly three 
cents a mile. First-class tickets cost still more — 
about three and a half cents a mile. The only dif- 
ference between the first-class and the second-class 
cars is that the seats in the former are a little better. 

And now, having bought tickets, we are ready to 
go. The conductor blows his whistle, a boy rings 
a bell, the engineer blows the whistle on the loco- 
motive, and we start. How fast we go ! Fences, 
houses, and telegraph poles fly past us. All these 
things as well as the beautiful green fields we see 
from the car windows. 



24 THE PHILIPPINES 

Do you know how trains cross rivers ? Heavy 
bridges, of stone and iron, are built over the streams, 
and the trains cross on these bridges. 

In going from Manila to Dagupan the road runs 
through a great open valley, the largest and richest 
in Luzon. It contains three thousand square miles 
of territory. Mountains are on the east and on the 
west; the Gulf of Lingayen is on the north, and 
Manila Bay on the south. On our right, about half- 
way from Manila to Tarlac, we see the large moun- 
tain called Arayat. It stands quite alone, 2880 
feet high. The people living around Arayat 
believe that it came up from the plain in a single 
night. 

We see many rice and sugar-cane fields along the 
road. What a pretty sight is a green field of grow- 
ing cane, with the blades tossing and dancing in the 
breeze ! 

You eat sugar every day, but do you know where 
it comes from.^ Would you like to visit a sugar 
mill in the province of Tarlac ? Let us stop and 
see one. The cane is cut in the fields and carried 
on carts to the mill. Here it is crushed between 
iron rollers, and the juice is pressed out. The juice 
is then put into big iron vats, under which fires are 
built. It is boiled down, and when it cools it be- 
comes sugar. The sugar is cooled in large earthen 
jars, called pilones, and may then be shipped to Ma- 
nila to be refined. Sometimes it is sold in the local 
markets, sometimes shipped abroad. 



ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 



25 







Crushing Sugar Cane. 

On the way from Manila to Dagupan we pass 
through the provinces of Rizal, Bulacan, Pam- 
panga, Tarlac, and Pangasinan. Large quantities 
of rice as well as sugar are raised in these provinces. 
Rice is separated from the straw in various ways. 
Sometimes buffaloes tread it out, sometimes they 
drag a heavy roller over it, and sometimes it is 
beaten out by hand. Besides large fields of rice 
and sugar we may also see fields of maize, many 
banana, pawpaw and mango trees, bamboos and areca- 
nut palms. In Pangasinan there are many cocoanut 
groves, but the cocoa palm does not grow in Pam- 
panga and Bulacan. On the next page is a picture 
of a mango tree. These trees often grow very large. 
There are many of these trees near Malolos and 



26 



THE PHILIPPINES 



Baliuag in Bulacan, and in the provinces of Manila 
and Cavite and in some of the southern islands. 
Mangoes are ripe in April and May. Often fires 
are built under the trees to make the fruit ripen 
earlier. Do you like mangoes ? 




Mango Tree. 

The train often stops at stations in or near cities 
or villages. We pass near Malolos, the capital of 
Bulacan province. From Malolos there is a beauti- 
ful road to Baliuag, which is noted for its fine hats. 
At Calumpit we cross the Pampanga River. A short 
distance down this river is the home of the Maca- 
bebes. We also stop at San Fernando and Angeles 
in Pampanga, and Tarlac and many other important 
places. 



ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 



2; 



And now we have reached Dagupan. Here the 
railroad ends. It has taken about seven hours to 
come from Manila. We find Dagupan a thriving lit- 
tle city. It has many shops. It is on a river about 
a mile from the Gulf of Lingayen. The country is 
very low and has many nipa swamps and cocoanut 
groves. The leaves of the nipa palm are used to 
make the roofs and sides of houses. A good nipa 
roof keeps out the rain and the sun, and will last for 




Nipa Palm Plantation. 

several years. Nipa wine is made from the sap of 
the nipa plant. The nipa plant grows also in the 
swamps about Manila Bay. Not far from the city 
very fine hats are woven. Many of these are 
sent to Manila. Large quantities of salt are also 
gathered. 

We can take a boat at Dagupan, if we like, and 



28 THE PHILIPPINES 

go to northern Luzon, or back to Manila, or across 
the sea to China. Perhaps, however, you would 
rather take a trip into the mountains of Benguet. 
This province is famous for its delightful climate 
and beautiful scenery. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Tell some of the things you see in going to Dagupan 
on the railroad. 

2. What provinces do you pass through ? 

3. What is the distance by railroad from Manila to 
Dagupan ? 

4. Tell what kind of things are shipped on the railroad. 

5. What are the chief products of this part of the 
country ? 

6. Tell what you can about the mango tree and the 
nipa palm. 

7. Wliere are Dagupan, Malolos, San Fernando, Mount 
Arayat, Lingayen, and Tarlac ? 



BENGUET 



Dagupan is on a flat plain near the seacoast. 
The province of Benguet lies back from the coast, 
up in the mountains, and is hard to reach. There 




Traveling in Benguet. 

are no good roads in this province. One cannot 
travel in a carromata, but only on foot or horseback, 
or be carried in a chair. The government will 
soon have a fine road built from Dagupan to Boguio, 
the capital of Benguet. This road will be about 
sixty miles long and will cost a great deal of money, 

29 



30 THE PHILIPPINES 

for often it has to be cut through the solid rock and 
bridges have to be built across deep chasms and 
rushing mountain streams. 

The province of Benguet is among the high 
mountains. Boguio is only forty-five miles from 
San Fernando on the seacoast and sixty miles from 
Dagupan, but it is forty-eight hundred feet above 
sea level. It is up among the pine trees where it 
is too cool for tropical plants to grow. During the 
day, while the sun is shining, it is hot, but at night 
it becomes cold. Heavy blankets are needed, and 
one likes to feel the heat from a big open fire. The 
thermometer never goes above eighty-two degrees 
Fahrenheit at Boguio, and it drops to as low as forty 
deofrees at nio:ht. 

Because it is so cool, Benguet is considered to be 
the healthiest region in the Philippines. People go 
there from the lowlands to enjoy the cool climate. 
The air among the pine trees is soft and fragrant 
and free from tropical fevers. The government 
has built a hospital and a number of cottages in 
Benguet, so that its sick employees may have a 
place to go and get well. 

Benguet is rich in minerals. Many deposits of 
gold and copper and iron are found there. Some 
miners dig gold out of the rocks. Others wash it 
from the sand in the river beds. 

Benguet is also rich in forests of pine trees. 
From the pine, men get lumber, resin, turpentine, 
and tar. The soil is good, and potatoes, corn, beans, 



BENGUET 



31 




Among the Pines — Benguet. 

peas, grapes, and other fruits and vegetables com- 
mon to colder countries are grown here. Some 
tropical fruits also grow well. Fine coffee is pro- 
duced. There is good grass in Benguet, and sheep, 
cattle, and horses thrive. 

The natives of Benguet are called Igorrotes. 
They are not large people, but are well formed, 
strong, and active. All the goods that go into the 
province are carried on the backs of these hardy 
little brown men. Sometimes they carry as much 
as seventy-five pounds in a single load. They 
carry things in little baskets made of rattan. These 
baskets they call chugies. With chugies strapped 
to their backs, the Igorrotes climb over mountains 
and wade through streams all day long. 



32 



THE PHILIPPINES 



Though Benguet is a cold country, for the PhiHp- 
pines, the Igorrote men wear no clothing but a strip 
of cloth around the loins. The Igorrote women 
wear a short skirt and waist. Both men and women 
go barefooted and generally bareheaded. Though 
the nights are cold, the people use only a thin cotton 
blanket for bed-covering. They try to keep up a 

fire during the night, 
however. The women 
are fond of jewelry 
and often wear very 
large earrings made 
of brass. 

A drink called 
tapoi is made from 
fermented rice. It 
contains alcohol, and 
sometimes people get 
drunk from drinking 
it. The favorite meat 
with the Igorrotes 
seems to be that of 
the dog. Their feasts 
are called caniaos. If 




Igorrote Warrior. 



a man dies and leaves any property a caniao is held 
until everything is gone. If he gets well, or mar- 
ries, a caniao is also held. Tapoi is drunk and dogs, 
sheep, and carabaos are eaten as long as the feast 
lasts, which may be many days. 

The Igorrotes are fond of going to school. They 



BENGUET 33 

are quick to learn and anxious to improve. For 
centuries they have been used as pack animals, but 
now they are as free as any one else. Honest and 
faithful, they are a good people and well liked. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Where is Benguet? How could you reach it from 
where you live ? 

2. What is the capital of Benguet, and how far is it from 
the seacoast ? 

3. How does the vegetation in Benguet differ from that 
around your home ? 

4. What are the people of Benguet called ? 

5. Tell what you know about a caniao. 

6. Find Benguet, Vigan, Aparri, and Cagayan. 



THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS 

Most of the people of Luzon are Tagalogs, Iloca- 
nos, and Pampangos. But in the mountains in 
many parts of the PhiHppines there are small groups 




Group of Negritos. 

of people called the wild or non-Christian tribes. 
The most interesting of these is known as the Ne- 
gritos or Aetas. They are supposed to be the 
descendants of the first people who lived here. They 
always live in scattered groups away from towns and 
white men. They are found in the mountains of the 

34 



THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS 35 

large islands. They are almost dwarfs, not often be- 
ing five feet high. They do not look very strong but 
are quick and active. Their skin is as black as that 
of the negro, so they are called Negritos. They have 
woolly hair, strong jaws, thick lips, and flat noses. 
They can climb trees like monkeys, and they use 
their toes in picking things up off the ground. 

The Negritos do not wear many clothes. They 
always go barefooted. The men wear a strip of 
cloth around the waist. The women have a loose 
covering reaching from the waist to the knees. 

These people are simple and peaceful. They do 
not know a great many things. They cannot read 
or write. They build very poor houses. They 
make bows and arrows, and a few ornaments. Their 
farming consists merely of scratching the ground 
with sticks and scattering the seeds with their 
hands. 

They do not live long in one place. They move 
whenever the seasons require it, or the game and 
fruit are better somewhere else. Their houses con- 
sist of coarse mats of grass thrown over bamboo 
poles. When they move they sometimes carry these 
houses with them. 

They use lances made of bamboo, bows made of 
palmwood, and poisoned arrows. With these they 
hunt wild boars and deer, birds and fish. For the 
most part their food consists of fish, roots, mountain 
rice, and fruits. Wild honey is looked upon as a 
luxury. They do not have any domestic animals 



36 



THE PHILIPPINES 



except the dog, of which they are very fond. Some- 
times they steal cattle from the lowlands. They 
like tobacco, and even the children smoke. 




Negritos at Home. 

The Negritos generally live together in little 
groups of fifty or sixty under a chief. The chief 
says when to abandon the homes and move to 
another place. He is their leader when they make 
war on another people. They like to take the scalps 
of their enemies, and are often called head-hunters 
on that account. 

These people have never been converted to Chris- 
tianity. They are still pagans and worship nature 
and spirits. In the graves of the dead they place 
food and arms. Around the c^mp fire they set up 



THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS 



37 



sticks with bunches of grass tied to them. These 
are for the spirits. During the time of full moon 
they hold their dances, often with large deer horns 
tied on their heads. 

The Negritos are shy people and have very little 
to do with any one else. Sometimes they bring 




Negritos pounding Cut Rice. 

wax, honey, skins, and precious metals to the civil- 
ized people and trade them for clothes, food, and 
ornaments. 

Their marriage customs are very peculiar. When 
a young man wants to marry, he does not ask the 
consent of the girl's parents. The girl runs away 
and hides in the woods, and the man runs after her. 
If the man finds her, he brings her back to the 



38 THE PHILIPPINES 

village. Of course, if the girl wants to marry, she 
allows herself to be found. The young couple then 
go into a house together, or sometimes they are 
taken up into a tree by ladders. Then some old 
person dashes a cup of water over them and places 
their heads together. After that they are man and 
wife. 

How would you like to live among the Negritos ? 

QUESTIONS 

1. Did you ever see a Negrito? Describe his appearance. 

2. How do the Negritos differ from the Igorrotes ? 

3. How do the Negritos build their houses ? 

4. What kind of weapons do they have, and what do 
they hunt ? 

5. Describe their marriage customs. 



IN THE VALLEY OF THE CAGAYAN 

Northern Luzon is full of mountains. Some of 
them are high and covered with vegetation. Others, 
like those in Benguet, have but little vegetation on 
their tops. 

Between two of the ranges of mountains in north- 
ern Luzon is a great valley called the Cagayan. 
It takes in the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and 
Nueva Vizcaya. Through it flow the Rio Grande 
de Cagayan, the Magat, and the Rio Chico. Ocean 
vessels can go up the Rio Grande some distance 
from Aparri, and boats that draw but little water 
can go far into the interior. Alligators are numer- 
ous in these rivers, so that it is dangerous to go 
swimming in them. 

The soil in this great valley is rich. For ages 
it has been carried down from the mountains by 
the streams. Much timber is cut in the mountains. 
Many kinds of crops grow well, particularly tobacco. 
Most of the tobacco grown in the Philippines is pro- 
duced here. Formerly the people were compelled by 
the Spanish government to grow tobacco and noth- 
ing else, but now they are free to do as they like. 

Would you like to know something more about 
this industry? More than two hundred years ago 

39 



40 



THE PHILIPPINES 



the Spaniards brought the tobacco plant to the 
Philippines from Mexico. Its cultivation has in- 
creased from that time, until to-day it is one of the 
principal industries of the islands. It is grown in 
many parts of the archipelago, but the best tobacco 
is produced in northern Luzon. When grown, the 
tobacco leaves are dried and collected from plan- 




Tobacco Field in Northern Luz6n. 

tations all along the rivers and taken by boat to 
Aparri at the mouth of the Cagayan. From here 
it is shipped in large boats to Manila. 

In Manila there are many tobacco factories. In 
some of them cigars and cigarettes are made, in 
others smoking and chewing tobacco. 

Let us visit one of these factories. We go first 
into a large room in which many people are at work. 



IN THE VALLEY OF THE CAGAYAN 41 

On one side are men making the best grade of cigars, 
on the other side women are making a cheaper grade. 
Each person sits at a table with the tobacco in front 
of him. As he makes a cigar he measures it to see 
that it is of the right size and length. He works 
very rapidly, for he is paid for the number of cigars 
he makes. 

Cigarettes are made by machinery as well as by 
hand. Tobacco is fed into a machine, which rolls 
it up tightly into paper. When this paper roll is 
cut off at the right place, the cigarette is ready to 
use. Some of these machines can make as many as 
three hundred and sixty cigarettes a minute. 

After the cigarettes are made by the machine, 
they must be counted and put into packages. Gen- 
erally, thirty are put up together. But, strange to 
say, the girls who do this work do not stop to count 
the cigarettes, but seize a handful and can tell by the 
feeling whether they have the right number or not. 
Girls and women are largely employed because their 
labor is cheaper than that of men. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What is the great tobacco-growing section in the 
Philippines ? 

2. When and why were the people not allowed to grow 
anything but tobacco ? 

3. What becomes of the tobacco after it is taken from 
the fields ? 

4. Tell what you know about a tobacco factory. 

5. Is it good for people to use tobacco ? 



THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 



All Filipinos like rice. Many eat it three times 
a day. It is grown in large quantities in nearly all 
of the islands, and yet so much is eaten that mil- 




Plowing a Rice Field. 

lions of dollars' worth have to be brought in from 
other countries every year. Most of it comes from 
southern China and the Malay States. 

Have you ever seen rice growing ? The grain is 
sown on pieces of land called the seeding plot. It 
is sown at the beginning of the rainy season, say in 

42 



THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 



43 



w 


^^^^^^^ 


^A|i^|^^^^ 


HMIil.:-:.ji«^/F^i3 





Planting Rice, 



June. In about six weeks the young plants are 
nearly a foot high. They are then pulled up and 
planted in the fields. 

The ground is first carefully prepared. It is plowed 
and harrowed while still covered with water, so that 
the surface becomes covered with soft mud. When 
the fields are ready many men, women, and children 
come out of the villages to do the planting. 

The young rice plants are carried in small bundles 
to the places where they are to be planted. The 
people cross the field, ankle-deep in the soft mud, 
and put the plants into the mud, placing six or seven 
stems together at regular distances apart. In burn- 
ing sun or pouring rain the work goes on, until the 
whole field is planted. 



44 THE PHILIPPINES 

To grow well the rice plant requires much sun 
and water. The fields are usually divided into 
smaller parts called paddies. Each paddie is sur- 
rounded by a small bank of soil and grass, so that it 
will hold water for a long time. When it does not 
rain, water is often brought from some stream by 



Harvesting Rice. 

ditches to the rice fields. In this way the rice pad- 
dies are kept wet until the rice is nearly ready to be 
gathered. Where the country is hilly the rice pad- 
dies form terraces or steps down the hills. 

The young rice grows very rapidly, and in a few 
weeks the fields have a beautiful green color, and 
the rice waves gracefully as it bends beneath the 
summer winds. 

In about six months it has changed from green 



THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 45 

to golden yellow. Now it is ripe and ready to be 
harvested. After being cut, it is heaped or stacked up. 
After about six weeks more, the grain is separated 
from the straw. This is done sometimes by tramp- 
ing it out with the feet, sometimes by beating it with 
a flail, and sometimes by buffaloes treading it out. 

After being separated from the straw, the grain 
must be husked or separated from the chaff. This 
is generally done in a mortar, hewn out of hard 
wood, by pounding it with a pestle or a mallet. Per- 
haps, however, a machine worked by buffaloes is 
used. There are also some steam mills in the 
islands. They are the best kind. Most people, 
however, still hull their rice by pounding it in mor- 
tars. (See picture on page ^^^j.) 

Rice is used in nearly every country in the world. 
More people eat it, and use more of it than of any 
other food. It can be cooked in many different 
ways, and has strength-giving qualities that make it 
one of the most valuable of foods. 

QUESTIONS 

T From where is rice imported ? 



How is it planted and how cultivated ? 
What different colors has growing rice ? 
Name some of the ways in which rice is used. 
What other cereals are grown in the Philippines 1 



IN SOUTHERN LUZON 



Rising gently to the south of Manila and west of 
Laguna de Bay is the province of Cavite. Some 
parts of it are stony and sandy, but other parts are 
rich and fertile. 

The town of Cavite is the capital of the province. 
It is on the south side of the bay, six and a half 




View of Cavite. 

miles across from Manila. Well-graded streets and 
houses built of brick and stone are found in Cavite. 
There are also cafes, hotels, and theaters. It is the 
site of the government navy yards. Here boats in 
the government service are built and repaired. 

46 



IN SOUTHERN LUZON 47 

It was off Cavite, on May i, 1898, that the famous 
battle between the Spanish and American fieets took 
place. Admiral Dewey steamed into the harbor 
during the night. The next morning he attacked 
the fleet commanded by Admiral Montojo. The 
fight was short and fierce. The Spaniards fought 
bravely, but at the end four hundred Spanish soldiers 
w^ere dead and the fleet was destroyed. The wrecks 
of some of these vessels may yet be seen out in the 
water, and are reminders of the terrible fight that 
took place here. 

At the southern end of the province of Bataan 
and across the bay from Cavite, is Mariveles. The 
island of Corregidor lies between these two places. 
Upon this island, which divides the entrance to 
Manila Bay into two parts, are lighthouses to guide 
boats entering the harbor. Mariveles is the last 
point at which vessels may stop on their outward 
passage. It is used as the quarantine station for 
ships that require disinfection during times of chol- 
era, smallpox, or of plague. 

If you should sail on the China Sea north from 
Mariveles, you would see the rocky coast of Bataan 
and Zambales. There are many little bays and 
coral reefs. The largest bay is Subic Bay, on 
which is situated Olongapd, an important naval 
station. Steamers go daily across the bay to 
Manila from Bataan and carry camotes, tomatoes, 
fish, cocoanuts, bananas, and guavas, and many 
passengers. Many logs, which are made into lum- 



48 



THE PHILIPPINES 



ber or into bancas, are also sent to Manila, Cavite, 
and Bulacan. 

Cavite Viejo is on an arm of Manila Bay. It is a 
fishing town, having many nets and sails and boats. 
It was the home of Don Emilio Aguinaldo. 




Corregidor Island at the Gateway to Manila Bay. 



Going farther south along the coast, we come to 
the province of Batangas. Parts of this province 
are mountainous, while other parts are rolling or 
level. It is a beautiful country. Large quantities 
of sugar and coffee are grown there. Oxen as well 
as buffaloes are used for plowing and hauling. Many 
horses are raised in this province, the Batangas horses 
being famous for their large size. 

Batangas and Lipa are the t\^o principal towns in 



IN SOUTHERN LUZON 49 

the province. They are both clean and well built. 
Many wealthy sugar and coffee planters live here. 

In Batangas province is the great Taal Volcano, 
on an island in Bombdn Lake. As one looks down 
into the crater of this volcano, he sees three lakes 
of different colored boiling liquids. The volcano 
has more than once been in a state of eruption and 
has destroyed the towns of Lipa and Taal. Ashes 
are said even to have reached Manila, thirty-four 
miles away, and it became so dark that people had 
to light candles in the middle of the day. 

Across from Batangas is the huge island of Min- 
doro. It is always dark and gloomy, for its moun- 
tains are covered almost all the year with rain clouds. 
It is an unhealthy place ; and there is fever every- 
where along the coasts. Not much comes from 
Mindoro except timber, rattan, wax, and tortoise 
shell. Tobacco, cotton, and hemp are also valuable 
products. The towns are on the coasts, and are 
inhabited mostly by Tagalogs on the north and 
Visayans on the south. The people of the interior 
are the Manguianes, who live in the mountains 
much like the Negritos. 

In the mountainous country southeast of Batangas 
gold is found in the river beds. Many people spend 
all their time washing the gravels and sands for gold. 

Ambos Camarines, Albay, and Sorsogdn are the 
southernmost provinces in Luzon. The people of 
these provinces are called Bicols, and they speak the 
Bicol language. There are a few Tagalogs. The 



50 



THE PHILIPPINES 



Bicols are peaceful and industrious. The country 
is very fertile and beautiful. The growing of hemp 
and the making of copra are the main industries. 
In Ambos Camarines much rice and chocolate are 
also grown. The people make a perfume from the 
blossoms of the ilang-ilang tree. 




May6n Volcano. -^ 

In the province of Albay there is a great volcano, 
about 8500 feet high, called Maydn. It is shaped [ 
like a cone and has a beautiful purple top. But \ 
Mayon is not always beautiful. It has had some ! 
dreadful eruptions. The last of these destructive I 
outbreaks was in the year 1897. Vast quantities j 
of smoke and steam and lava were thrown out. j 
Several villages were destroyed and hundreds of 
people were killed. ^ [ 



IN SOUTHERN LUZON 5 1 

On the sides of this volcanic mountain flourish 
in greatest luxuriance tree-ferns, lianas, orchids, and 
palms. Abaca or hemp also finds here a good 
home. 

If now we look at Luzon as a whole, we see that 
in the great northern valley tobacco is the chief prod- 
uct ; in the middle valley, sugar and rice ; in the 
southern part, rice and hemp. 

QUESTIONS 

1. For what is the town of Cavite noted ? 

2. When and where did the battle of Manila take 
place ? 

3. What do you know about the two great volcanoes 
of southern Luzon ? 

4. What are the most important products of northern 
Luzon ? central Luzon ? southern Luzon ? 

5. Find on the map : Bataan, Cavite, Mindoro, Sorso- 
gon, and Corregidor Island. 

6. Where are Mariveles, Olongapo, Batangas, Lake 
Bombon, and Mayon volcano ? 









FIG 



A N 







SEA 



IZk 



from Greenwich 125 



126 L.L.POATES, EUGR., N.' 



AMONG THE VISAYANS 



There are many kinds of people inhabiting the 
Philippine Islands. There are said to be as many 

as thirty different 
tribes. Each tribe 
has its own language 
or dialect and its pe- 
culiar customs. Of 
course, these dialects 
are not entirely un- 
like one another, but 
they are so dissimilar 
that people of one 
tribe often find it 
quite impossible to 
understand those of 
another. 

The two principal 
visayan Woman. groups are the Taga- 

logs and other tribes who live in Luzon, and the 
Visayans, who live on most of the islands south of 
Luzon. The name Visayas is applied to the islands 
of Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, 
and the people who inhabit them are called the 
Visayans. 

54 V 




AMONG THE VISAYANS 



55 



The Visa3^an group contains the largest number 
of people. Formerly they were called Pintados or 
Painted Men from the blue painting or tattooing 
used at the time of the Spanish Conquest. The 
men generally wear their hair longer than do the 
Tagalogs, and the women wear patadions instead of 
soya and tapis. The 
patadion is a piece of 
cloth, the ends of 
which are sewed to- 
gether. It is wrapped 
around the figure, 
doubled over in front, 
and tucked in at the 
waist. 

The men and boys 
are expert boatmen 
and fishermen. The 
Visayans, as w^ell as 
the Tagalogs, make 
canoes and bancas by 
hollowing out trees. 




Visayan Fisherman. 



When fitted up with sails and outriggers, the bancas 
are called proas, or prahus. Large covered boats 
used in conveying freight are called cascos. In olden 
times, the large ocean-going sailboats used by the 
Spaniards were called galleons. 

Sails for these boats are made from hemp, cotton, 



Some Visayans are also expert hunters. They 



56 THE PHILIPPINES 

kill wild hogs and deer with lances, bows and arrows. 
The meat of these animals they cut up into strips 
and dry in the sun. 

Like the Tagalogs, the Visayans are fond of mu- 
sic. They are much better performers on instru- 
ments, however, than they are singers. Nearly every 
village has its band of musicians. 

On the islands of Masbate and Rombldn, south of 
Luzon, beautiful straw mats, called petates^ are made. 
These are used to sleep on and also for wall decora- 
tions. Masbate is also famous for its large numbers 
of cattle, hogs, and horses. Many of these are sent 
each month to Manila, IloHo, and Negros. 

In the Visayas, as well as in Luzon, cockfighting 
and pony-racing are the chief amusements. With 
the boys, kite-flying is a favorite sport. Some of 
the kites are made like dragons, others like birds. 
They have long strings attached to them and some- 
times on the tail of the kite there are sharp shells 
or glass. In the kite fights, the boys try to make 
the tails of their own kites cut the strings of other 
rival kites so that the latter will float away in the 
air. Baseball is also popular. 

There are many birds, insects, and reptiles 
in the Philippines, but only the wild cat, wild 
buffalo, and some kinds of snakes are dangerous. 
Wild buffaloes are easily tamed when taken young. 
They are dangerous animals to hunt when older, 
for, if wounded, they charge the hunter and may 
gore him to death. When tamed they are the 



AMONG THE VISAYANS 



57 



most useful animals in the islands. They do nearly 
all the hauling and plowing. They are queer ani- 
mals, slow and heavy, and require frequent baths 
of mud and water. If they do not get these baths, 
they will not work and often run mad. 




The ''Vaca," or Singapore Bull. 

Ants are the most common nuisance. If food is 
left standing on the table, in a few hours ants swarm 
all over it, unless they are prevented by placing the 
legs of the table in water or oil. 

The white ants eat nearly every kind of wood. 
They often destroy a building to such an extent 
that it has to be pulled down. 

Huge boa constrictor snakes are found in some 
places. Some of them are more than twenty feet 
long. Though able to swallow whole such small 



58 THE PHILIPPINES 

animals as cats and birds, the boas are not often 
dangerous to man. They are sometimes kept in 
cages as pets. But the snakes to be dreaded are 
called by the Tagalogs alupong and doghongpalay. 
The latter is met with in the deep mud of rice 
fields and in the tall rice grass. 

Then there are locusts, or grasshoppers, that 
come in swarms of millions at a time. They settle 
down on the fields and eat them bare in a single 
night. People often try to scare them away by beat- 
ing on tin cans and bamboo clappers, by waving red 
flags, and by building fires of damp wood to make 
smoke. Locusts are very sensitive to noise. Some- 
times, also, they are driven into pits. They can fly 
long distances without stopping — sometimes as far 
as sixty miles. Many people like to eat locusts. 
They are caught in nets, dried and boiled. 

There are many monkeys in the forests, and tame 
monkeys may often be seen in the houses. In some 
of the southern islands large sea turtles, weighing 
sometimes more than a hundred kilos, are caught. 
The shells of some of these turtles are very valuable 
and are made into combs and many other useful 
things. Deer are found in the mountains. Their 
flesh is eaten, and their skins are useful. They are 
sometimes caught in nets. Pits are often dug in 
the paths in the forests and carefully covered with 
sticks and leaves. If a deer falls into one of these 
pits, he is killed or wounded by the sharp sticks 
which are placed in the bottom. Sometimes men 



AMONG THE VISAYANS , 59 

fall into them and are badly injured. In some 
places there are large lizards, often more than a 
meter long. They can run very rapidly. They are 
eaten, and their eggs are very good. In the houses 
there are many small lizards, or geckos. They 
catch flies and other insects and are very useful. 
There are also many beautiful birds, but only a few 
good singers. The call of doves may be heard in 
the trees by the roadside or in the forests. Herons 
may be seen in large numbers in the rice fields. 
How many birds or other animals have you seen 
to-day ? 

QUESTIONS 

1. Name the principal islands which form the group 
called the Visayas. 

2. What are the principal groups of people living in 
the PhiUppines ? 

3. Name the different kinds of boats in use. 

4. Do the Visayans differ much from the Tagalogs in 
their amusements ? 

5. Name the common animals found in the PhiHppines. 

6. Find on the map Panay, Cebu, Bohol, Negros, Mas- 
bate, Samar, and Romblon. 



IN PANAY 



The Filipinos do not travel much, especially 
those who do not live on the large rivers or on the 
seashore. The fishermen and traders often go long 




Filipino Blacksmith — Panay. 

distances in their boats. But in the country the 
people have to work in the fields, or their roads are 
not good, and it is hard to walk or ride long dis- 
tances. So most of the people stay at home. But 
people who never have been outride of their pueblo 

60 



IN PAN AY 6 1 

often have very queer ideas about people who live 
in other pueblos, or islands, or countries. We can 
learn very much by traveling. 

In the southern islands much maize or Indian 
corn is used instead of rice. Sometimes the corn 
is roasted and eaten from the cob ; generally, how- 
ever, it is ground between stone or wooden rollers 
into a meal and eaten as mush. The corn meal fed 
to horses is called tic-tic. 

Cacao is grown throughout the islands. It re- 
quires a hot, damp climate. It was brought to the 
Philippines from Mexico more than two hundred 
years ago. It is not grown, on an extensive scale, 
but nearly every one raises enough for his use in his 
own garden. Only a small quantity is sent abroad. 
The cacao beans are very bitter. Chocolate is made 
from them by roasting them, separating them from 
their husks, and pounding them up into a wet paste 
to which sugar and some extract like vanilla are 
added. Small round cakes are then made of this 
paste. Chocolate is the favorite breakfast drink of 
most Filipinos. Have you ever tasted a cacao bean ? 

Buyo, or the betel plant, is also cultivated through- 
out the islands. The areca nut, when coated with a 
lime obtained from the oyster shell, is wrapped up 
in a buyo or betel leaf and used for chewing. It 
gives the chewer's lips and teeth the appearance of 
being coated with blood. Like the cocoanut tree, 
the areca palm is tall and graceful, the leaves and 
nuts growing in a tuft at the top. 



62 



THE PHILIPPINES 



In Europe an agreeable tooth paste is made from 
the areca nut. 

The large and wealthy island of Panay is the 
westernmost of the Visayan group. It is divided 
into three provinces, — Capiz on the north, Antique 
on the west, and Iloilo on the south and east. 




Carabao Carts in Hollo. 

This latter province is one of the richest and most 
densely populated in the Philippines. The capital 
and largest city has the same name as the province. 
Both Iloilo and Cebu claim the honor of being the 
second city of the Philippines. Iloilo does a large 
export business, chiefly in sugar. The city is built 
at the mouth of a river, on low land, part of which 
has been reclaimed from a swamp. It has no 



IN PANAY 



63 



wharves for large .vessels, however, and goods must 
therefore be carried to or from the ships on lighters, 
or small boats. There are many large buildings in 
Iloilo, most of them owned by foreign commercial 
firms. 

In Pan ay fine tex- 
tiles are made. Thou- 
sands of dollars' worth 
are sent from Iloilo 
every year. They are 
all made by women 
working: on hand 
looms at home. 
Coarse cloth is 
made from ordinary 
hemp fiber. Jusi is 
made from a finer 
quality of hemp, 
mixed with some 




Iloilo Women making Pina Cloth. 

From Stereoscopic Photograph. Copyrighted 
1900 by Underwood and Underwood. 



silk and the fiber of the pineapple leaf. Pina is 
made from the pure fiber of the leaves of a non 
fruit-bearing pineapple plant. It is almost trans- 
parent and of the utmost delicacy. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What substitute is found for rice in the southern 
islands ? How is it prepared ? 

2. Describe how chocolate is made. 

3. Into what provinces is Panay divided.'' 

4. What kinds of cloth are produced in Panay ? 

5. Where is Iloilo ? 



IN NEGROS 



The two great products of Philippine agriculture 
are sugar and hemp. The best sugar is produced 
on Panay and Negros, the island next east of Panay. 




Scene in Negros. 

Here the sugar estates are much larger than in Lu- 
zon, each one often producing a thousand tons of 
sugar a year. A large number of European steam 
mills are in use in these two islands. As a result, 
about two and a half tons of sugar to the acre are 
produced in Negros, while in l^uzdn, where the old 

64 



IN NEGROS 



65 



mills are still in general use, less than two tons to 
the acre is realized. 

The system of working the plantations is different 
from that in Luzon. There the estates are worked 
on shares ; in Negros and Panay the laborers are paid 
by the day. Often they demand pay before the work 
is done, and then sometimes fail to do the work. 




A Philippine Hemp Field. 

The sugar is also treated differently from what it 
is in Luzon. After being pressed from the cane in 
the steam mills, the juice is boiled to a high point in 
open pans. From the pans it is poured into large 
wooden trays and then beaten up with paddles until 
it becomes a pale yellow mass. After drying it is 
packed in mat bags, called bayones, and is then ready 
for shipment. 



66 



THE PHILIPPINES 




Cleaning Hemp. 



Most of the sugar is sent abroad without being 
refined. It is gathered up by small boats and taken 
to Iloilo, where it is reshipped to foreign ports. In 
one year this port alone sent out over one hundred 
and sixty-five thousand tons. The dry sugar is sent 
for the most part to the United States and the wet 
sugar to England. 

The molasses made from sugar cane is used 
largely in making alcoholic drinks and mixed with 
water as a food for horses. 

For several years the cane-sugar industry has suf- 
fered on account of competition with beet sugar. 
Many European countries give a bounty on all the 
beet sugar exported, and this has restricted the use 
of cane sugar. ^ 



IN NEGROS 



67 




Making Ropes of Hemp. 

Hemp, or abaca, is the most important product of 
the PhiHppine Islands. A certain kind of hemp 
grows better here than in any other place in the 
world. Soil and climate combine to make the con- 
ditions just right. The best hemp grows on the 
islands of Marinduque, Leyte, and in Albay in south- 
ern Luzon. It also grows on many other islands of 
the Visayan group. 

Hemp is a wild species of the plantain. It looks 
very much like the banana plant. It is planted from 
shoots and requires about three years to grow. It 
reaches a height of about ten feet and requires but 
little attention after planting. 

One man cuts down the plant, removes the outer 
covering, and separates the layers, forming the stem 



68 THE PHILIPPINES 

into strips which are then spread out to dry. An- 
other man then draws them under a knife, one end 
of which is attached to a block of wood and the 
other end by a cord to a pedal. By this means he 
is able to press the knife down on a strip of hemp 
and clean it without cutting it. The strip may be 
six feet long. It is then spread out to dry and 
afterward tightly packed in bales with iron or rattan 
hoops. It is now ready for shipment. A man can 
clean about twenty-five pounds of hemp a day. Gen- 
erally he gets half for cleaning. 

The hemp goes to Manila or to Hongkong or to 
other foreign ports, where it is made up into ropes 
and cables of all kinds. It is also used in Europe 
and America in making paper, thread, and cloth. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What are the two leading products of the Philippines? 
Where are they chiefly grown ? 

2. Describe the difference between the making of sugar 
in Luzon and in Negros. 

3. How else is sugar produced than from cane ? 

4. What are the best islands for hemp ? 

5. Describe the method of cleaning and baling hemp ? 



CEBU 

Lying east of Negros and separated from it by 
the Strait of Tafion is the island of Cebu. It is 
shaped hke an alligator — long and narrow. The 




Cebii from the Sea. 

greatest length is 135 miles, the average width less 
than twelve. There are about five hundred thou- 
sand people on the island. They have a reputation 
for sociability and hospitality. 

69 



70 



THE PHILIPPINES 



The city of Cebu has about thirty thousand in- 
habitants and is the capital of the island. It is the 
second or third largest port in the Philippines. 
Most of the products sent from Iloilo go from Cebu 
also. Many foreign commercial houses are repre- 
sented in the city, and it is the residence of vice- 
consuls of European nations. 




Church of the Holy Child (Santo Nino). 

Cebu in its location is a beautiful little city. The 
island of Mactan lies in front of it and a picturesque 
range of hills behind. The harbor is one of the 
best in the archipelago. Cebu was the first munici- 
pality in the islands. From the time of settlement 
until the year 1571 it was the capital city. Since 
that time Manila has been the capital. 



CEBU 



71 



in 



image 



Cebu is the residence of a bishop and has a cathe- 
dral and several churches. The best known of these 
is the church of Santo Nino — the " Holy Child." 
In this church is an image of the Child Jesus. This 
image, so it is said, was found on this island in the 
year 1565 by a 
soldier. The Aus- 
tin friars kept it 
and venerated it. 
The church 
which the 
was kept was once 
burned, but the 
image itself was 
saved. 

The Santo Nifio 
is made of wood. 
It is about fifteen 
inches high, black 
in color, and laden 
with silver orna- 
ments. It is sup- 

J 4-^ U ^ ^ The Holy Child (Santo Nino) of Cebu. 

posed to nave ^ ^ ^ 

miraculous powers. During the feast held in its 
honor (January 20) pilgrims from all parts of the 
island come to purify their souls at its shrine. 

The island of Cebu is prosperous. It is not nat- 
urally so rich as some others, but still hemp, sugar, 
copra, tobacco, rice, and corn are produced in consid- 
erable quantities. Large groves of cocoanut trees 



-^ 


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jBt ^ 


3 


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fl 


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HE^B^p 


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■jiW!. JIMVII 


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»»«^»«.»^^ -^-^^^— ' 





72' THE PHILIPPINES 

abound, and other fruits, especially the pineapple 
and mango, grow in abundance. Shells and pearls 
are obtained from Cebu and the adjoining islands. 
This is said to be the only place in the world where 
the cornucopia-shaped sponges, called Venus s bas- 
kets, are found in abundance. 

Have you ever heard the wonderful story of Ma- 
gellan who was killed on the island of Mactan ? It 
was he, you know, who discovered these islands 
nearly four hundred years ago, and we still delight 
to tell of his brave deeds. It required a brave man 
then to go out on the broad, unknown ocean in a 
little sailing ship. The people who lived in Magel- 
lan's day did not know so much about the great 
world as we know. They thought it was flat and 
that there was a falling-off place somewhere out in 
the ocean where ships would fall down into a bot- 
tomless pit. It was hard, also, to take food enough 
in the little ships for a long voyage. The sailors 
often became sick and mutinied. 

But Magellan was a daring sailor. By birth he 
was a nobleman of Portugal, but he did not like his 
king and so went to Spain to live. 

The king of Spain gave him five little vessels with 
which to go and seek for rich islands on the other 
side of the world. He sailed slowly across the 
great Atlantic Ocean and came to a land which we 
call South America. Magellan knew there was an 
ocean on the other side of this land but did not 
know how to reach it. Some of his men grew tired 



CEBU 73 

of the delays and hardships and mutinied. But 
Magellan was a stern man. One rebellious captain 
was sent ashore, another was stabbed to' death, and 
still another was executed. 

Magellan then sailed south a long time until he 
came to an opening which we call in honor of him 
the Straits of Magellan. Through the straits he 
sailed into the Pacific Ocean, pointed his bows to 
the west and sailed toward the setting sun. After 
many long and weary days he came to the island of 
Cebu. This was on the 7th of April, 1521. On 
receiving news of the arrival of the foreigners, the 
king of Cebu and two thousand of his warriors, 
armed with lances and shields, came out on the 
beach to greet them. 

The King agreed to a treaty to be ratified by blood 
which each was to drink from the breast of the 
other. Magellan converted the King and Queen 
to the Catholic faith, and they were both baptized. 
A hut was built on the shore in which they might 
celebrate mass. 

But the King was at war with the tribe on Mactan 
Island. So Magellan went over to this island to 
help the King his friend. Here he was shot with 
an arrow and killed. So ended the life of this brave 
man. He discovered these islands and took posses- 
sion of them for the king of Spain to whom they 
belonged until taken by the Americans. 

In Manila and on the left bank of the Pasig River 
stands a monument to his memory. Another has 



74 



THE PHILIPPINES 



been erected on Mactan Island, at the place where 
he is supposed to have been slain the 27th of April, 
1 52 1. Also in the city of Cebu there stands an 
obelisk to commemorate these events. 

Northeast of Cebu are the islands Leyte and 
Samar. These islands produce much hemp. Wax, 
sponges, pearls, birds' nests, cocoanut oil, and copra 




Pearl Fishing. 

are also very important products. Tacloban is the 
capital of Leyte, and Catbalogan is the capital of 
Samar. At Tacloban many cascos and larger sailing 
boats are made. Near Catbalogan a plant produces 
a seed called the isigud or Catbalogan seed. It is 
bought by the Chinese who use it to prevent cholera. 
Samar is separated from Luzon by San Bernardino 
Strait, through which many ships pass from America 
or from the islands in the Pacific Ocean. Both 



CEBU 



75 



islands are very mountainous and have many in- 
active volcanoes and fertile valleys. On the coast 
there are many bays and extensive cocoanut groves. 
A few miles east of Cebu is the island of Bohol. 
The people are Visayans and are noted for their 
activity and industry. They are skillful in making 
pina, cotton cloths, and mats. They catch turtles 
and export a large number of shells. There are 
many small islands near its shores and many coral 
reefs. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What are the three largest ports in the Philippines ? 

2. For what is the island of Cebu known ? 

3. What are some of the historic events that took place 
near the city of Cebu ? 

4. Tell the story of Magellan. 

5. How are Magellan's deeds commemorated? 

6. Tell what you can about the other large islands 
belonging to the Visayas. 

7. Find on a map Catbalogan, Bohol, Cebu, and San 
Bernardino Strait. 



IN THE FAR SOUTH 

Far south of Cebu is the island of Mindanao, the 
second largest island in the archipelago. 

Mindanao is not very well known. It was not 
settled to any extent by the Spaniards, and it has 
not had many connections with the northern islands. 
Fever abounds along the coasts, though the natives 
seem to be largely immune. It is a very rich island, 
and in spite of its present backward condition, it will 
some day be one of the most prosperous. 

On the map, Mindanao looks like a huge bird : 
its beak is in the northeast, turned out toward the 
Pacific; its tail is in the southwest. The eastern 
coast is open to the breakers of the Pacific and has 
no safe harbors. The island as a whole has few 
good harbors and as yet but little commerce. 

Some of the mountains in Mindanao are very 
high. Mount Apo, close to the Gulf of Davao, 
reaches a height of more than ten thousand feet. It 
is probably the highest mountain in all the Philip- 
pines. Gold is found in these mountains. Many 
people spend most of their time washing for gold in 
the rivers. 

In the eastern part of Mindanao is Mainit, or Hot 
Lake. It is over one thousand, feet deep. It is the 

76 



IN THE FAR SOUTH 



n 



kind of place alligators like, and they breed there in 
great numbers. 

Another interesting bif of scenery is found in the 
central mountains. Here two rivers unite and flow 
into the deep canon of Locasacan. Through this 
caiion the river runs amongst huge bowlders and in 




Church at Zamboanga, Mindanao. 

such narrow places that the rocks hang over the 
stream and nearly meet overhead. 

The soil' of Mindanao is rich and produces cacao 
trees, areca palms, bananas, cocoanuts, coffee, hemp, 
tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar, pepper, corn, and gutta- 
percha. The best timber in the Philippines comes 
from Mindanao. The population is still small and 
industry backward. 



78 THE PHILIPPINES 

The people are divided into three groups, — 
Visayans, native mountain tribes, and Moros, or 
Mohammedans. 

The most prominent people are the Visayans, 
who have come to Mindanao from the islands far- 
ther north. They have been made a warlike people 
by the necessity of defending themselves against the 
Moros. Generally, they, as well as the Chinese 
traders, settle in the coast towns where they trade 
with the hill people for jungle produce. 

The hill people have been driven away from the 
lowlands by these invaders. They are wretchedly 
poor, wandering through the hills without homes, 
scantily clad, their only property a lance, a bolo, and 
some starving dogs. They sometimes plant a few 
sweet potatoes, gather honey, and hunt wild hogs. 

Some mountain tribes, however, are more warlike. 
They live in clans, and each man has more than 
one wife. Each wife, however, has her own house. 
They are also slaveholders. All children captured 
in war are retained as slaves. The work is done by 
women, children, and slaves. Their weapons consist 
of lances, shields, swords, daggers, bows and arrows. 

These mountain people have some very curious 
customs. The crocodile with them is considered a 
sacred animal and respectfully addressed as "grand- 
father." Rocks, caves, and balata trees are held to 
be the residing place of spirits. When an enemy 
has been killed, the chief of the victorious tribe 
takes a consecrated sword, cuts open the chest of 



IN THE FAR SOUTH 79 

the enemy, and immerses an image of the god in the 
blood, then, tearing out the heart, he eats a piece of 
it. This is supposed to give him the measure of 
courage his enemy possessed. 

These people are fond of ornaments. Many wear 
bracelets from the wrists to the elbows. The brace- 
lets are made of metal, tortoise shell, or mother-of- 
pearl. In their ears they wear large ornaments 
made of plugs of soft wood, having on each end a 
plate of brass, silver, or gold. They have a curious 
way of painting their teeth black and filing them 
into points. The wealthy often cover their teeth 
with thin gold plates. 

Marriages, among these people, are arranged by 
the parents or by the head chief. A house is pre- 
pared for the young couple and supplied with things 
to eat. The guests assemble, the bride and groom 
exchange a few words, and then each receives a small 
morsel of cooked rice. This they hold out for a 
short time on the palms of their hands, then each 
places the food in the mouth of the other, and this 
action solemnizes the marriage. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What are the principal islands in the southern group? 

2. Tell about the relative size and appearance of 
Mindanao. 

3. Name the principal products of this island. 

4. What distinct groups of people are found there ? 

5. Tell about some of the curious customs prevailing 
among the hill people. 



AMONG THE MOROS 



The most numerous people in Mindanao and the 
other southernmost islands are the Moros. They 

are also called Mohammed- 
ans, which means that their 
religion is that of the Ara- 
bian prophet, Mohammed. 
The Moros are scattered all 
over Mindanao, the Sulu 
(J old) Archipelago, and Para- 
gua or Palawan. They live in 
tribes under chiefs called da- 
/6>jr,who in turn are subject to 
higher chiefs called sultans. 
The chief sultan has his capi- 
tal at Maimbun, on the south 
side of the island of Sulu. 
The sultan and his principal 
datos are granted salaries by 
the government of the United 
States. The sultan is known 
as the Majasari, or the Stainless, Spotless One. He 
is chief of church and state — lord and master of all. 
The nobles or chiefs are supposed always to obey 
the sultan and do as he bids, t^ut, as a matter of fact, 

So 




Moro Priest. 



AMONG THE MOROS 



8i 



they often carry on war against him or among them- 
selves. 

The principal town of the Island of Sulu is also 
called Sulu. It is a lively and attractive little place. 
The streets are laid out at right angles and are kept 
clean. Two forts guard the entrance to the town, 




Moro Spear Dance. 



and the barracks are very good. Some of the houses 
are built of brick and stone, while all have corru- 
gated roofs. 

The Moros, generally, are a strong, warlike peo- 
ple. They are well-developed, quick, robust, and 
sober. Every male over sixteen is considered a sol- 
dier. He must carry a weapon and be ready to fight 
at all times. From the earliest years he is trained 
to war, and he knows how to fight equally well on 



82 THE PHILIPPINES 

foot, horseback, or water. The Moros are turning, 
however, more and more to peaceful industries. 

Their chief amusements seem to be gambling, 
cockfighting, and combats of buffaloes. They have 
a war dance called the fnoro-moro^ which is per- 
formed by their most skillful swordsmen, shield on 
arm and spear in hand, to the sound of martial music. 
It feigns to be a combat, and the dancers spring 
forward and backward, cutting, thrusting, and guard- 
ing with wonderful skill. 

The Moros used to be dreaded as pirates. In 
great companies they sailed around in their long 
boats and plundered everywhere they went. They 
went even as far north as Luzon, and that only fifty 
years ago. Thousands of Christians were carried 
off into slavery. But when the Spaniards armed 
their boats with cannon, they chased the Moros and 
punished them dreadfully. Since that time there 
has been no further trouble from them as pirates. 

In Mindanao the Moro towns are often built over 
the water, and have bamboo bridoes to connect 
them with the shore. They are built so as to pre- 
vent their enemies on the shore from reaching them, 
for the bridges can be removed whenever it is de- 
sired. Their boats are tied to their houses, so that 
they can easily escape by sea. (See picture on 
page 85.) On the shore, and on each side of their 
towns, they build forts, or cottos. The walls are 
made of great tree trunks. Some of these walls 
are twenty-four feet thick and tJiirty feet high. The 



AMONG THE MOROS 



83 




Old Pirate Boat of Moros. 

forts were effective enough against spears and bo- 
loes, but they cannot resist modern guns. 

The Moros generally have more than one wife. 
When one of them takes a fancy to a girl, he sends 
his best friend to her father to ask for her. If the 
girl and her father are willing, the bridegroom goes 
to the mosque and prays with the priest, after which 
with the priest he goes to the girl's house, followed 
by a slave, carrying presents. When about to enter 
the house her relations make a feint of attacking 
him, but he beats them off and throws them the 
presents he has brought with him. The priest then 
takes hold of the girl's head and twirls her around 
twice to the right. The hand of the groom is placed 
on the girl's forehead. The priest then leaves them 



84 



THE PHILIPPINES 



alone. The man attempts to kiss the girl, who 
shrieks and runs away. The groom then goes away 
to prepare the wedding feast, which lasts for three 
nights. At the end of the feast the girl is con- 
ducted to his home by the wedding guests, laughing 
and singing. 




Moro Tower at Sulu (Jol6). 

The language of the Moros is a kind of Arabic, 
with words from the Malay, Chinese, Visayan, and 
Tagalog languages, and from the dialects of the 
hill tribes. 

Their country is fertile. It produces large quanti- 
ties of rice, maize, coffee, and cocoa, all w^ork being 
done by slaves, for a Moro warrior considers it be- 
neath his dignity to work. They have also a large 
trade in wax, gum, resin, jungle products, tortoise 



AMONG THE MOROS 



85 



shell, mother-of-pearl, balate, and cinnamon. They 
are skillful at forging swords, crises, Jance heads, and 
lantacas. In the Zamboanga Industrial School, cu- 
rious hats, food covers, boats, dolls, beds, pillows, 
and other things are made. 

The Moro women are fond of gay colors — scar- 
lets and greens being preferred. Their bodices are 
very tight and their trousers or skirts very loose. 




Houses in Sulu (J0I6). 

The breeches of the men are bright in color, and 
tight, with a large number of buttons up the sides. 
Their waistcoats are buttoned up to the chin and 
have very close-fitting sleeves. The men wear tur- 
bans, the women what is called jabul — a strip of 
cloth sewed together at the ends and wrapped around 
the head. 



S6 THE PHILIPPINES 

Both men and women are fond of jewelry. They 
wear a great many finger rings made of metal or 
seashells, and their earrings are large and gaudy. 

The Moros are a very religious people, according 
to their ideas. Every Friday is a day of public wor- 
ship. They believe that Mohammed, noc Christ, 
is the Son of God. Ordinary priests are called 
pandits, or learned men, the principal priests are 
sarifs, or sheriffs. 

The sultan rules through his datos, or rajahs. A 
dato is generally known by the richness of his 
apparel, by the use of gold buttons, and by carrying 
a handkerchief in his hand. He is also usually fol- 
lowed by a slave carrying a siri box. 

When a Moro becomes tired of life, he shaves off 
his eyebrows, dresses entirely in red, and, taking the 
oath before his pandit, runs amuck in some Chris- 
tian settlement, killing men, women, and children, 
until he is shot down. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Where are the Moros to be found ? 

2. Tell what you know of their religion. 

3. In what important ways do the Moros differ from 
the Visayans ? 

4. What do you know of the Moros as pirates ? 

5. Describe the marriage customs of the Moros. 

6. Find on the map the Sulu Islands and Sulu. 



PARAGUA 

Northeast of Mindanao is another large island 
called Paragua, or Palawan. It is narrow and veiy 
long, and does not look so large as it really is. The 
capital city is Puerta Princesa. It is the largest 
city and is beautifully situated on a good harbor. 
The island is hilly even on the coasts, and there 
are many mountains in the interior. The soil is 
very fertile, and there are many fruits and valuable 
woods. 

Beeswax, honey, edible birds' nests, fine shells, 
dried shellfish, pears, nutmegs, and logwood are 
valuable products. Do you know that some people 
are fond of eating birds' nests .^^ The Chinese, espe- 
cially, like them, and the rich people in China are 
willing to pay high prices for them. But these 
nests are not made of mud, or of straws and sticks. 
They are more like jelly or glue. They are made 
by a sea swallow and are found in the high cliffs 
near the shore. To get them the people have 
to use bamboo ropes and ladders. The birds are 
robbed of their nests four times, or until the wet 
season begins. 

In southern Paragua the people are Moros and 
Manguianes, and in the central and northern parts 

87 



88 THE PHILIPPINES 

Visayans and Tagbanuas. There are also many 
Negritos and a few other small wild tribes. The 
Tagbanuas form the largest tribe. They are more 
friendly than most of the other savages. They live 
in houses set high up on poles. The houses are 
small and much like those used in other places. 

Many of these people are able to write. They 
have a simple alphabet. They use fresh joints of 
bamboo for writing paper, and scratch the letters 
on it in columns like the Chinese and Japanese. 
They have also many interesting customs. In each 
tribe there is a council of old men. Sometimes 
when one person accuses another of a crime, both 
are taken to a deep pool of water and are required 
to dive in. The one who stays longest under water 
is decided to be the one who told the truth. 
After a man dies his house is often torn down, and 
he is carried to the woods and buried. The Tag- 
banuas are afraid to leave the dead long unburied, 
for they fear that a creature, shaped like a man but 
having long, curved nails, and flying like a bat, will 
come, and with his long tongue lick up the dead 
bodies. They call it the balbal. They think it 
comes from the Moro country. 

Did you ever notice how much some monkeys 
look like men } The Tagbanuas say that is because 
the monkey once really was a man, but he was very 
lazy. He was very idle when he should have been 
planting rice, and getting food for his family to eat. 
His companions worked veryv hard and were so 



PARAGUA 89 

angry with him that one threw a stick at him and 
struck him. The lazy man at once turned into a 
monkey, and the stick became his tail. The Tag- 
banuas know that it is not good to be lazy. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Describe the situation of Paragua. 

2. What is produced on the island now ? What might 
be produced ? 

3. Tell what you know of edible birds' nests. 

4. Tell what you have learned about the Tagbanuas. 

5. In what direction is Paragua from Panay .-^ From 
Luzon ? 



THE CITY OF MANILA 



Let us go back now to the place from which we 
started — the city of Manila. It is the capital, as 
well as the largest city in the Philippines. People 

used to call it " The 
very good and always 
loyal city of Manila." 
It is situated about 
the middle of the 
western coast of Lu- 
zon, on the Bay of 
Manila, and at the 
mouth of the Pasig 
River. The river di- 
vides the city into two 
parts, — the old city 
on the south bank, 

and the new city on 
A Street in the Walled City, Manila. ^,^g ^^^^j^ ,^^^^_ 

The old city is surrounded by forts, and walls, 
and moats, just as it was a century ago. Formerly, 
there were great drawbridges, which could be pulled 
up so that an enemy could not cross the moats, 
which were full of water. Sentries walked b^ck and 
forth upon the walls and kept a lookout for ene- 

90 




THE CITY OF MANILA 



91 



mies. Every one lived within the walls, for they 
were a real protection when people fought with bows 
and arrows. They would be no protection now 
against the large guns of the war ships in the bay. 




A Gate in the Walled City, Manila. 

The streets in the Walled City, or " Manila," as it 
is called, are narrow. The houses are built of stone 
or brick, and have windows fitted with opaque oyster 
shells. 

The government buildings are in this part of the 
city. The Ayuntamiento, or Palace, is a large and 
handsome building. (See picture on page 98.) In 
the center is a great hall, hung with paintings and 
ornamented with statuary. In this building the 
governor, and the commissioners, and the general 
superintendent of public schools have their offices. 



92 



THE PHILIPPINES 



Across the river, on the north bank, is the modern 
business part of Manila. Four large bridges con- 
nect the two parts of the city. Most of this newer 
part is on the island of Binondo. The Escolta is 
the finest street. Most of the stores on the Escolta 
are kept by Spaniards. There are also many large 
stores owned by Americans. It is a very busy street, 
always crowded with people and vehicles. 




The Escolta. 

The Chinese have a large retail business. They 
also do most of the work connected with boat- 
making, furniture, tin work, tanning, and dyeing. 
They also sell cotton cloths and silks. Their shops 
are small, and they use counting frames in arithmet- 
ical operations, as do their coyntrymen in China. 



THE CITY OF MANILA 93 

In going from place to place in the city of Manila, 
caiTomatas are most generally used. Hundreds of 
them may be seen on the Escolta every day. Many 
people direct their cocheros by the words mano, " to 
the right," and silla, "to the left," but meaning, 
really, " hand " and " seat" There are street cars 
drawn by horses. They go so slowly, however, that 
they are not used by many people. It is said that 
electric cars will soon be used in Manila. There are 
also steam cars running to Malabon. Some automo- 
biles, or steam wagons, also are in use in the city. 

The Luneta is the favorite pleasure resort of the 
people of Manila. It is a big open plot of ground, 
facing the bay, at the end of the Malacan drive. 
Two band stands are on this oval piece of land, and 
a military band plays popular airs every evening, 
while people sit on the benches, or walk and drive 
around. It is a pretty place, for the grass is kept 
short and green, and the sunsets across the bay are 
very beautiful. 

All classes of people are to be seen on the Luneta, 
enjoying the cool breezes from the bay. There are 
Chinese, dressed in loose robes of rich colored silk ; 
Americans and Europeans, in white ; Filipinos, 
dressed like Europeans, or in the native style, and 
many carriages and carromatas. 

Manila is a large city of nearly four hundred thou- 
sand people of many different kinds. It has some 
features that most of the other cities in the Philip- 
pines do not have. About a dozen newspapers are 



94 THE PHILIPPINES 




The Luneta. 

printed in Manila. These papers receive news by 
cable from many parts of the world, and they are 
sent to all parts of the islands. It has a telephone 
system, by which people who are far apart may talk 
with each other. It has electric lights, a system of 
waterworks, a cold-storage plant, an ice factory, and 
theaters, where good plays and music are sometimes 
heard. 

Manila is also a city of churches. The largest 
and costliest of these is the Cathedral. In the 
Jesuit church may be seen some fine wood carv- 
ing. All the religious orders have their homes in 
Manila. 

Some people in Manila speak only the Tagalog ; 
others speak Spanish, and ^till others English. 



THE CITY OF MANILA 



95 



Spanish is now the official language, — the language 
of the courts, — but English will be the official lan- 
guage in 1906, and is now taught in all the public 
schools. 

Schools are provided in Manila for all who want to 
study. They are located in all parts of the city, and 
any child who wishes may attend them. There are 





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Manila Cathedral. 

also night schools conducted for those who cannot 
come during the day. Besides these there are spe- 
cial schools like the Normal School for the training 
of teachers, the Nautical School for boys who want 
to enter the merchant marine, the Trade School 
for those who want to learn carpentering, plumbing, 
and telegraphy, and the University of St. Thomas 
for those who wish to study for a profession. 



96 THE PHILIPPINES 

In addition to these educational institutions is 
the Observatory. Here careful records are kept of 
weather conditions, of storms and earthquakes. Sub- 
stations are maintained on other islands, and word 
is sent from station to station of approaching storms, 
often in time to warn people or ships of the danger. 

The bay of Manila is not a very secure anchorage 
for ships. Its circumference is 1 20 miles — too large 
to allow of its being a safe harbor. Typhoons some- 
times tear ships from their anchorage and drive 
them ashore. The bay is large enough to hold all 
the war ships of the world. Every kind of boat 
may be seen upon its waters, — war ships, native 
prahus, large ocean-sailing ships, and commercial 
steamers, large and small, carrying their freight from 
country to country, and continent to continent. 

QUESTIONS 

1. In what ways is Manila the most important city in 
the Philippines ? 

2. For what are the new city and the old city, respec- 
tively, noted ? 

3. What things are found in Manila and not in your 
town ? 

4. Has Manila a good situation.-* 



THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 

The Philippine Islands are now a part of the 
United States. From the time they were discov- 
ered by Magellan, in 1521, until taken by the Ameri- 
cans, in 1898, they belonged to Spain. The United 
States took them in war, but afterward gave Spain 
^20,000,000. They are, then, for the present, a part 
of the territory of the United States, controlled by 
the President and Congress, who act through their 
representatives in the Philippines, — the governor 
and the civil commissioners. 

The government for the whole archipelago is 
called the insular government. It is controlled by 
the civil governor and the commissioners. The 
governor is appointed by the President of the 
United States for an unlimited term of years. He 
is a very busy man. It is his duty to suggest 
changes in the laws, or to help make new laws, and 
to see they are obeyed. He lives in the Malacanan 
Palace, and his offices are in the Ayuntamiento, or 
Palace. His salary is $20,000 a year. 

The governor is assisted by an executive secre- 
tary and a council of seven commissioners, consist- 
ing of Americans and Filipinos. They make most 
of the laws for the islands. Their work is divided 

97 



98 THE PHILIPPINES 

into departments, each under one of the commis- 
sioners. These departments are as follows: — 

I. The Department of the Interior. It includes 
the bureau of health, the quarantine bureau, the for- 
estry bureau, the bureau of public lands, and the 
bureau of non-Christian tribes. 





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i^^fe^^BBl 


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The Palace, Manila. Headquarters of the Government. 

2. The Department of Commerce and Police. It 
includes the bureaus of island and inter-island trans- 
portation, post ofhce, telegraphs, insular constabu- 
lary, engineering, and prisons. 

3. The Department of Finance and Justice. In 
this there are the bureaus of the insular treasury, 
insular auditing, customs and immigration, banks, 
and justice. 

4. The Department of Public Instruction. It 



THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 99 

includes the bureaus of public instruction, the bu- 
reau of architecture, public charities, libraries and 
museums, and public printing. 

Only the principal bureaus are mentioned under 
each head. 

At present the Commission makes all laws not 
made for th^ Philippines by the Congress of the 
United States, but it is expected that in a few years 
there will be a legislature, the lower house of which 
will be elected by the people. There will also be 
two delegates selected by the legislature to repre- 
sent the islands in the Congress of the United 
States. In order to vote it will be necessary for a 
person to be a male citizen, twenty-three years of 
age. He must also be able to speak, read, or write 
English or Spanish, or have been a municipal offi- 
cer, or pay taxes equal to $15 a year, or own prop- 
erty to the value of #250. 

Such, in brief, is the organization of the insular 
government. Next comes the provincial govern- 
ments. In each province there is a governor, elected 
in a meeting by vote of the municipal councilors 
of the province, and a treasurer, a supervisor, a sec- 
retary, and a fiscal, or prosecuting attorney, all ap- 
pointed by the Commission. The governing body 
in a province is called the provincial board. It is 
composed of the governor, treasurer, and supervisor. 

The treasurer collects all taxes, gives to the mu- 
nicipal treasurers the taxes due the towns, and 
examines the accounts of the municipal officers. 

LofC. 



lOO 



THE PHILIPPINES 




A Room in the Palace, Manila. 

The supervisor must be a civil engineer. He 
sees that roads and bridges are built and kept in 
repair, and he also aids in erecting all government 
buildings in the province. 

The fiscal or prosecuting attorney is the legal 
adviser of the provincial board, and of the munici- 
palities. He conducts all criminal trials for the 
province in the Courts of First Instance. 

The first duty of the provincial government is to 
collect, through the provincial treasurer, all taxes 
due the province and the municipalities. Its second 
important duty is to construct roads, bridges, and 
public buildings. Its third duty, through the gov- 
ernor and the provincial treasurer, is to see that 
the municipal officers do their duties. 



THE GOVERNiMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES lOl 

Under the provincial governments come the mu- 
nicipalities, or pueblos. Their officers consist of a 
president, a vice president, a secretary, and a treas- 
urer who, together with the councilors, are all 
elected by vote of the people. They make and exe- 
cute all local regulations. 

The courts of law consist of : — 

1. The Supreme Court in Manila. There are 
seven judges in this court, one chief justice, and six 
associate justices. To make a decision, it is neces- 
sary that four of them agree. The chief justice 
receives $7500 a year, the associate justices $yooo 
each. They are all appointed by the President of 
the United States. 

2. The Courts of First Instance. There is one 
of these courts for each important province. They 
are courts for recording the crimes and legal actions, 
or trying the criminals of the province. The judges 
are appointed by the civil governor, at salaries vary- 
ing from $3000 to $5500, according to the impor- 
tance of the district. 

3. Courts of Justices of the Peace. These are 
established in OR/'ery municipality. The justices are 
appointed by the civil governor. They try minor 
offenses and criminal actions for small amounts. 
The suit, if brought before a justice of the peace, 
must be for less than ^100, and the imprisonment 
not over six months. 

4. Presidents' Courts, for certain minor offenses. 
In the judicial system, prosecutions are conducted 



I02 THE PHILIPPINES 

for the government by the attorney-general, or the 
soHcitor-general, or the provincial fiscal. 

The constabulary was organized to preserve peace 
and help enforce the decisions of the courts. It is the 
special duty of the constabulary to prevent and sup- 
press brigandage, insurrection, unlawful assemblies, 
and actions disturbing the peace. 

The city of Manila, like Washington, the capital 
of the United States, differs in its organization from 
the other municipalities. Its governing body is a 
municipal board of three members appointed by the 
civil governor. One of the members is elected 
president of the board. The board makes laws for 
the city and sees that they are executed. The gov- 
ernment of the city has five departments : — 

1. Engineering and Public Works. 

2. Police. 

3. Law. 

4. Fires and Building Inspection. 

5. Assessments and Collections. 
Governments must have money with which to 

pay expenses, and the only way they can get it is 
from the people. Contributions legally demanded 
by governments are called taxes. 

There are many kinds of taxes, drawn from dif- 
ferent sources and devoted to different purposes. 
The insular government is supported chiefly by 
duties on imports and exports. Nearly all articles 
brought in from foreign countries, and the principal 
articles sent abroad, pay custom ^ duties. 



THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 103 

In the provinces there is a land tax. The pro- 
ceeds from this tax are divided between the munici- 
pahties of a province and the province itself. The 
industrial, urbano, cedula, and stamp taxes are like- 
wise divided. Purely municipal taxes are such as 
those derived from the licenses granted to saloons 
or other businesses requiring police supervision. 

The government of the Philippines aims to se- 
cure peace and protection for all the people. It 
has established an excellent common school system 
throughout the islands, so that every person who 
wants an education may have it. It is building 
roads and bridges to afford easy passage for people 
and goods from place to place. It is building tele- 
graph lines, and establishing post routes, that com- 
munication may be more rapid. It is dredging 
rivers, cleaning out harbors, and building break- 
waters for the protection of commerce. 

All good citizens should aid the government in 
every way possible. Only by so doing can peace, 
and justice, and happiness be secured. 

QUESTIONS 

1. How did the United States obtain possession of the 
Philippines ? 

2. Describe the organization of the Insular Government. 

3. What are the duties of the provincial officers ? Of 
the constabulary ? 

4. How are the municipalities governed ? 

5. Describe the government of the city of Manila. 



THE STORY OF RIZAL 



There is one name of which every Filipino is 
justly proud, and that is the name of Rizal. The 
Philippines have produced some brave soldiers, 

skilled artists, and 
good business men, 
but they have pro- 
duced no 
scholar 

and patriot than their 
revered Rizal. 

Jose Rizal y Mer- 
cado was born in the 
little town of Calamba, 
Laguna. He studied 
at the Jesuit College 
in Manila, and after- 




greater 
gentleman, 



Jose Rizal. 



ward went to Europe to study further. At the Uni- 
versity of Madrid, in Spain, he took the courses in 
philosophy and medicine, and graduated with the 
doctor's degree. Afterward he studied in Paris, and 
then in Germany, where he took another degree. 

While in Europe, Dr. Rizal wrote some books 
about his country, the aim of which was to show 
how the friars mistreated the people. These books, 



104 



THE STORY OF RIZAL 105 

and the active opposition he made to their large 
claims of property, finally made the friars determine 
to crush him. Accordingly, he was arrested, tried, 
and banished to Mindanao. He lived in a little 
town on this island for four years. He was a clever 
oculist, and people came to him from all over the 
islands, and even from Hongkong, to be treated. 

Rizal grew tired of this restricted life, however, 
and when war broke out between Spain and Cuba, 
he asked the Spanish government to be allowed to 
go to the war and assist in taking care of the sick. 
His offer of services was accepted, but when he got 
to Spain he was arrested and sent back to Manila 
charged with sedition and rebellion. On this false 
charge he was condemned to death. 

At six o'clock on the morning of the thirtieth of 
December, 1896, he was led out on the Luneta. 
A great crowd of people had gathered to witness 
the final act in the martyrdom of this man. Rizal 
knelt down and looked out over the bay, sparkling 
under the slanting rays of the early morning sun. 
Four shots rang out, and Jose Rizal was dead. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Why do people, everywhere honor the name of 
Rizal ? 

2. Tell where he received his education. 

3. What books did he write, and what was their aim ? 

4. Upon what charge was he condemned ? 

5. With what great men of other nations can you com- 
pare Rizal .'' 



Baldwin's School Readers 

By James Baldwin 

Editor of " Harper's Readers," Author of "Old Greek Stories," "Old 
Stories of the East," etc. 



In method and in subject matter, as well as in artistic 
and mechanical execution, these new readers establish an 
ideal standard, equally well adapted for city and country 
schools. They possess many original and meritorious 
features which are in accord with the most approved 
methods of instruction, and which will commend them to 
the best teachers and the best schools. The illustrations 
are an important feature of the books, and are the work 
of the best artists. They are not merely pictures inserted 
for the purpose of ornament, but are intended to assist 
in making the reading exercises both interesting and 
instructive. 

BALDWIN'S SCHOOL READERS— EIGHT BOOK EDITION 

First Year, 128 pp. 25 cents Fifth Year, 208 pp. 40 cents 
Second Year, 160 pp. 35 cents Sixth Year, 240 pp. 45 cents 
Third Year, 208 pp. 40 cents Seventh Year, 240 pp. 45 cents 
Fourth Year, 208 pp. 40 cents Eighth Year, 240 pp. 45 cents 

For the convenience of ungraded schools, and for all 
who may prefer them in such combined form, an edition 
corresponding to the ordinary five book series of school 
readers will be furnished as follows: 

BALDWIN'S SCHOOL READERS— FIVE BOOK EDITION 
First Year, 128 pages 

Second Year, 160 pages 
Third Year, 208 pages . . . 

Combined Fourth and Fifth Years. 416 pages 
Combined Sixth and Seventh Years. 480 pages 





25 


cents 




35 


cents 




40 cents 




60 


cents 




65 


cents 



Copies of any of the above books will be sent, prepaid, 
on receipt of the price. 

American Book Company 

New York * Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 



The Baldwin Primer 

By May Kirk 
Cloth, 12mo, 128 pages, with colored illustrations. Price, 30 cents 



The lessons in this primer have been prepared in ac- 
cordance with the principles of mental science and child 
study. Commencing with easy words and simple forms, 
the lessons lead up by successive steps to elementary 
ideas in language, number, drawing, and music, as well as 
to various kinds of " busy work " for beginners in school. 
In teaching reading, the alphabetic, word, and sentence 
methods are employed simultaneously. From the begin- 
ning the child becomes interested in the familiar objects 
on which the lessons are based, while its instinct for the 
beautiful is awakened and developed by the copious use 
of the finest pictures ever presented in a child's primer. 
These include over fifty colored illustrations of birds, 
flowers, fruit, animals, and other appropriate subjects. 
Altogether, by its attractive appearance and contents, the 
Baldwin Primer is an ideal book to make the first steps of 
the young learner both ea'sy and pleasant, and the work 
of the primary teacher a delightful task. 



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American Book Company 

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Carpenter's Geographical Readers 

By Frank G. Carpenter 



60 cents 

60 cents 

60 cents 

70 cents 



North Annerlca. Cloth, i2mo, 352 pages . 

South America. Cloth, i2mo, 352 pages . 

Asia. Cloth, i2mo, 304 pages . 

Europe. Cloth, i2mo, 456 pages 

Australia and Islands of the Sea [In prepai-atioji) 

These new Geographical Readers are by far the most 
attractive and instructive books of their kind ever pub- 
lished. They are not mere compilations of other books 
or stories of imaginary travels, but they are the results of 
the author's actual journeys through the different coun- 
tries, with personal observations of their native peoples, 
just as they are found to-day in their homes and at their 
work. These journeys and visits are described in such 
simple and engaging manner as to make the books as 
entertaining as stories, while conveying in this attractive 
way, useful knowledge and information. While they are 
written in easy familiar style, and in language not above 
the comprehension of children, they are strictly accurate 
in every detail and statement. 

The books are well supplied with colored maps and 
illustrations, the latter mostly reproductions from original 
photographs taken by the author on the ground. They 
combine studies in geography with stories of travel and 
observation in a manner at once attractive and instructive. 
Their use in connection with the regular text-books on 
geography and history will impart a fresh and living 
interest to their lessons. 



Copies of Carpenter's Geographical Readers will be sent, prepaid, to any 
address on receipt of the price by the Publishers : 

American Book Company 

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(15) ^ 



Guerber's Historical Readers 

FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING 



GUERBER'S STORY OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES 

By H. A. GuERBER, Author of " Myths of Greece and 
Rome," "Myths of Northern Lands," "Legends of the 
Middle Ages," etc. 

Cloth, i2mo, 242 pages. With maps and illustrations . 65 cents 
This volume contains a narrative of the early history of this country 
down to the close of the Revolution, written in a style easily compre- 
hensible by children. It is intended to serve as an historical reader, or 
as an introduction or supplement to any text-book on American History 
which may be in use. 

GUERBER'S STORY OF THE GREAT REPUBLIC 

Cloth, i2mo, 249 pages. With maps and illustrations . 65 cents 
In this book the history of our country from The Beginning of the 
United States as a Nation down to the present time is told in such a way 
that it cannot fail to interest and impress young readers. Like the 
" Story of the Thirteen Colonies," it may be used as a supplementary 
reader or as an elementary text-book on this period of American history. 

GUERBER'S STORY OF THE ENGLISH 

Cloth, i2mo, 256 pages. With maps and illustrations . 65 cents 
This book is designed to serve the double purpose of a Supple- 
mentary Reader for Grammar grades and of an elementary text-book in 
English History. In simple language the author describes in the form 
of attractive stories and anecdotes, the leading events, characters, and 
places in English History. The dress and artistic features of the book 
are in keeping with its contents. The large colored maps of Great 
Britain and Ireland, of France, and of India will be found convenient 
for tracing the course of English History and the vast extent of the 
British colonies and possessions in the world. 



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Oft receipt of the price. 

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Barnes's Natural Slant Penmanship 



The system of writing represented in these new copy 
books combines all the advantages of the vertical with the 
speed and beauty of regular slant writing. 

It is well known that an extreme slant tends to angu- 
larity, while vertical writing is usually slow and tends to 
an unsightly back-hand or irregular slant. If left to 
themselves, without specific directions, children naturally 
fall into a certain slant in writing, — intermediate between 
vertical and slant writing. This natural slant has been 
adopted as the standard in these copy books. 

Forms of Letters. — Natural Slant copies are de- 
signed to be written^ not printed. They have the simplicity 
and the full, round, open style of the best vertical forms, 
but avoid some of the extremes and eccentricities that 
have characterized that style of writing. In every instance 
the form of capital employed has been selected, first, 
because of its legibility; second, because of its ease of 
execution; and third, because of its graceful form. Every 
copy is sensible and significant^ and as nearly as possible the 
subject matter relates to topics which interest the pupils 
of the grades for which the respective books are intended. 
In other words, the writing exercises are made to correlate 
with the other branches of study pursued in the schools. 

The Series includes Books A, B, C, and D, small size, 
illustrated, to be written with pen or pencil, and Books i to 8, 
full size, the first two books illustrated. A set of penman- 
ship Wall Charts in four sheets is published to accom- 
pany this series of copy books. 

BOOKS A, B, C, and D, per dozen $0.60 

BOOKS 1 to 8, per dozen 75 

CHARTS, per set of four sheets 1.50 



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(43) 



SEP 9 1903 



019 693 043 7 



